The Effects of Background Television on the Toy Play Behavior of Very Young Children

Introduction The research report investigates if the background television with adult content interrupts a child’s behavior during a play. The researchers review literature, conduct an experiment on children and obtain answers from questionnaires given to parents to obtain the information.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Background Television on the Toy Play Behavior of Very Young Children specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The children are 1, 2, and 3 years old. The results reveal that children’s behavior is influenced by the background television. Although children pay little attention to incomprehensible adult content, their play is interrupted by the background television. The cognitive development and language development are affected by interruptions during child’s play. This essay summarizes the research report in part 1, and gives suggestion on possible areas for research in part 2. The article examines how background television showing adult content affects young children’s behavior when they are playing with toys. The research conducted literature review and thereafter an experiment. Literature review indicates that young children pay little attention to adult television content and pay additional attention to children television programs. The attention of the child on the play object is reduced when there is audiovisual disturbance. The kind of television programs that a child is exposed to repeatedly affects the development in language. According to Schmidt et al. (1138), uninterrupted play will result in healthy cognitive development and increased social skills. The research assessed the level of maturity in a child’s play, the length of time spent in a play and the devoted attention given to a specific object in a play. Short period spent while playing a toy is an indication of a developmental disorder. Attention on a specific ob ject is associated with the motivation of the child. A child’s attention on an object increases with age. Younger children have a limited ability to sort out unwanted stimuli and sustain attention on a specific play object.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Development of attention requires focused and continued attention when the child was playing. The child abandons play to view the television for a while. After the interruption, the child may abandon play and move on to another playing object. If they resume, their motivation and attention are reduced, hence they will lose the ability to return to same cognition level. After literature review, the researchers conducted an experiment. The experiment included children of 12, 24 and 36 months old. The children were observed for one hour as they played. During the first 30 minutes, the television showing adult content was left on . In the next 30 minutes, the children played with toys when the television was switched off. Besides being observed, the children were also videotaped. The participants were selected from the birth records of the state. The participants did not have earring and visual impairment. The results of the experiment revealed that the young children were affected by the background television showing adult content. When the television was on, the children were not involved in intensive play. They gave the toys less attention and played for a short period. The maturity in play was affected little when compared with focused attention. Relational play was also reduced when the television was on. Besides, the children were able to continue with complex plays when the television was off. After the television was on, children tended to view the television many times in the first six minutes, and few times after six minutes. The parents were asked to avoid initiating a play or suggesting toys for a play.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Background Television on the Toy Play Behavior of Very Young Children specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This implies that parents pay attention to television and only give attention to the children when they demand it. The parents also filled questionnaires. The questionnaires enquired the child’s interaction with the media. The level of interruption increased with the number of times the child looked at the television. Reduced involvement in a play was associated with a dislocation of attention to the television. For younger children, the scheme of the play was interrupted and after looking at the television, the child cannot recall hence they move on to another toy. Moreover, there was no distinct difference in background interruption shown between children of different ages. Background television interrupts cognitive process in children. Background television can also be associated with noise, which interrupts the attention of the child during a play. Background television may also be associated with positive effects such as multitasking. Children may be able to tap multitasking skills from the destructive background television. The study observed the participant for a long time, had numerous toys for playing during the experiment and selected the general ages for the participant. Consequently, the television has an impact on the relationship between the care giver and child when the parent is watching television. Chaotic home environment characterized by the noise may affect the child’s development due to the frequent interruptions at the time of a play. The study assumed that children are exposed in their homes and that care givers do not get involved in a child’s play. Lack of the development in cognition reduces a child’s readiness to go to school. The study concluded that cumulative impacts of the int erruptions caused by background television may cause poor development in cognition. The impacts may also include poor language development and the attention disorders. Therefore, Schmidt et al. (1149) suggest that background television is a potential environmental risk in the development of a child.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To follow up on the investigation on the effects of background television on the toy play behavior of very young children, it is necessary to establish the impact of media exposure in the home environment to the young children’s cognitive development. Subsequent research will answer the question: Is media exposure in the home environment a risk factor for the poor cognitive development in young children? Cognitive development shows the healthy growth of a child memory, language skills, recognition, problem solving skills and thinking. The question will provide a guideline for the study to establish the degree of media exposure for children in the home environment and areas in child development that are affected. In line with the article, the study will increase information on other areas other than attention, maturity in play and length of play. The study will investigate problem language skill, problem solving ability, memory and thinking process. The sample to be selected f or the study will include children who are two to three years old. The children will be given instructions when playing to assess their ability to sustain attention when playing with and without instructions. The number of toys for each child will be equal and all the children will be allowed to play without instruction for 15 minutes. Thereafter, they will be given few instructions that are to be followed when playing for another period of 15 minutes. Finally, the children will be given full instructions to play with toys for 15 minutes. The children will have audiovisual programs run in the first eight minutes of every session. The observers will record the child’s behavior as they play. The hypothesis to be tested is that under less destruction, comprehensive instructions enable one to remain on task. Many instructions make the child pay attention to the playful activities. Attention is given if the child has been able to understand and master the art of attentiveness. Tho se with attentive skills remain on a task for a long time. A child with a good development in memory, language skills, recognition and problem solving skills will be able to take many instructions. When the instructions are few and the media program is interruptive, the child is likely to lose attention and move on to other tasks. The research will also reveal the degree in which the media affect a child cognitive development in the home environment. Conclusion Schmidt et al. (1137) engages in study to establish how background television showing adult content affects young children’s behavior when they are playing with toys. Their study which involved studying the behavior of 12, 24 and 36 months old revealed that background television had an impact on the cognitive development of a child. A child’s attention on toys was reduced when the television was on. Time spent with a toy was reduced since destruction caused the child to abandon a toy and proceeded with another t oy. Play was continuous and comprehensive when the television was off. The results did not show any distinctive feature of behavior that is inclined to age during the experiment. Work Cited Schmidt, Evans, Tiffany Pempe, Heather Kirkorian, Frankenfield Lund,   Daniel Anderson. â€Å"The effect of Background Television on the toy plays behavior of very young children.† Child Development 79. 4 (2008): 1137- 1151. This essay on The Effects of Background Television on the Toy Play Behavior of Very Young Children was written and submitted by user Jordan Jefferson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Reflective Commentary on Group Presentation Task Work Essays

Reflective Commentary on Group Presentation Task Work Essays Reflective Commentary on Group Presentation Task Work Paper Reflective Commentary on Group Presentation Task Work Paper Essay Topic: Reflective This is a report in which our group uses reflection as a process to analyse the experiences and all the group incidents which occurred during our group assignments will be analysed in other to highlight how these experiences, whether positive or negative affected the groups learning outcome or output. Reflection can be defined as a way reviewing an experience of practice so as to describe, analyse, evaluate and as such learn about the practice Reid(1993). From the above definition it can be said that reflection is the process that enables an individual or the group to undertake a retrospective analysis or evaluation of the past experiences or learning in a view to making changes, where necessary. Reflection can be directly linked to learning because it enables an individual or a group of individuals to refer to past experiences, which then enables them to come up with new solutions and ideas to tackle future tasks and problems. According to Rowntree(1988), reflection means studying ones own study methods as seriously as one studies the subject and thinking about a learning task after doing it. He maintains unless this is done, the task will almost certainly be wasted. This report will go on further to analyse and evaluate two critical incidents, which occurred during the group case study of Dyson, and give a conclusion on lessons learned during this reflection. Group formation, development and operating practices. This section highlights the various formation and development processes undergone by our group in other to function efficiently as an effective unit. It explains the different ways in which our group had to identify each others unique personalities and subsequently form and assign group tasks to each member. Using Tuckmans theory Tuckmans model highlights the different stages in team development which is mainly subdivided into forming, storming, norming and performing. Forming : This is the stage in which our group came together and held initial meetings to understand and identify each member. The group was able to appoint a group leader who began to delegate individual tasks and provide general direction and guidance for the group. This is the stage at which our group started to proffer ideas, suggestions and solutions regarding the group task, at this stage some of the group members had a lot of disagreements regarding, some of the suggestions brought forward. Norming At this point the group reaches agreement and consensus regarding the specific roles to be played by every member of the group, at this point the unity in our group was stronger than group initially formed. Performing: At this stage the group was able to function well because each member was able to carry out their assigned task without much interference from the group leader. Using the Belbin Test theory This model describes different team roles of individuals. In our group we had an interesting blend of mostly plant, complete finisher, team workers and resource investigator. Due to the fact that we had about four team workers in the group, we were able to function well by identifying each team role. Critical incident 1 Description of situation: We as a group agreed to meet on a particular day 21-03-2009 to practice and final tune over presentation skills for the Dyson case study. We all agreed to take turns in presentation, so that the best speaker could be identified and selected. When it was time for Nehal, our only female group member she broke down in tears and sobbed for a long period. As a result she could not make her own mock presentation because her emotional state. Analysis of feelings: Nehals emotional break down negatively affected moral of the group because the main presentation day was the following day. We as a group, spent considerable length of time trying to console her and find out the root-cause of her problems. Some group member even felt the group as a whole could be psychologically weighted down on the main presentation day. Evaluation of the experience: We as a group realised that some times it is difficult to keep away some of our private problems from academic life and work. The group also realised the need to consult with other group members whenever a member of group was confronted with certain issues, so that the group member would be excused or not compelled to participate against his/her will. The theory of critical reflection emphasises the need to develop a rationale for practice, enliven the learning environment and so create conditions in which each person is respected, valued and heard (Brookfield 1995) Making sense of the experience: Our group had a good blend of team workers, a plant and a complete finishers using Belbins test. Whereas using the learning style questionnaire, Nehal emerged as an activist, which explains the ease to express her feelings whenever and wherever. What to do if a similar situation reoccurred: Having reflected on these experience, our group has decided that the best way to handle a re occurrence would be to provide all forms of support and encouragement for any distressed group member. The counselling process helps to achieve self understanding and decision making by the counselee, who should be responsible for own actions. (Herr and Cramer; 1992) Critical incident 2: Description of Situation: On the final presentation day group members Abdul and Kashif had a serious disagreement on the final format for the structure of our Dyson project. Kashif had made some of the slides with an inconsistent pattern much was to the disliking Abdul and some other group members. Abdul felt the inconsistent designs could cost the group some marks. Analysis of Feelings: Kashif clearly believed he had done a fantastic job of designing the slides and so would not welcome any designs. Abdul couldnt understand why Kashif was so head strong about making changes to the slides. Although the other group members slightly disagreed with kashif, they all wanted and amicable solution to the problem. Evaluation of Experience: The group eventually realised that the disagreement had a positive effect on the over all performance of the group, because some of the slides were eventually changed and as a result the group scored highest on the day. This is in line with a theory that critical reflection start to occur when individuals question information, ideas or behaviour. (Merriam and Brockett, 1997) Making Sense of the Experience: According to the Belbins test Kashif emerged as a complete finisher which explains why he found it a bit difficult to take the new ideas being given by Abdul who was a team worker, the group interestingly had a plant that came up with great ideas to forge the group ahead. What to do if Situation Reoccurred: The group resolved that in the case of reoccurrence, the lessons from the past experience would enable us to establish a unified approach to group work to alteration and changes. The theory of evaluation relates to the process in which hypothesis leads to observations, which gives ways to empirical generalization and finally ends up as theories. (Wallace 1971) Conclusion This reflection on the experience of our group has enabled the group to know how to avoid certain problems and to solve Unavoidable problems amicably when they arise. This has enabled us to learn the process of solving new problem, based on the experience gathered during past problems. The concept of reflective practice has its origins in the conviction that in the context of professional practice, problems and other complex matters are best dealt with by people who can flexibly and intuitively draw on their knowledge of practice rather than apply rules drawn from formal theory. (Foley, 2000) The capacity to reflect on action in other to engage in a process of continuous learning was one of the defining characteristics of professional practice (Donald Schon 1983)

A study of male Emiratis risks of suffering from diabetes Essay

A study of male Emiratis risks of suffering from diabetes - Essay Example r research carried out among Gulf Cooperation Council nations, it has been identified that the leading and most prevalent diseases are Type 2 diabetes and obesity, which have made the region to be the leading in the world (Glass 2008). Indeed, WHO records shows that Saudi Arabia leads GCC nations as having the highest rate of obesity at 35.6 per cent while UAE comes fourth with 33.7 per cent of its population been identified to be overweight (Glass 2008). With regard to diabetes, UAE leads other GCC nations with 19.5 per cent of the population in the country estimated to have the disease while Saudi Arabia is the second (Glass 2008). Overall obesity is identified as the biggest contributory factor to prevalence of diabetes. Currently, UAE assumes the second position in the entire world to record the highest number of diabetes cases after the Pacific island of Narau, which is the world’s number one to record high cases of diabetes (El-Sharkawy, n.d). Studies on the prevalence of diabetes among the UAE citizens remain scanty, but from the few done in the past, the problem and associated statistics concerning diabetes have been studied. For example, Dun and colleagues conducted a research on the disease between 1997 and 1999 on a sample of UAE citizens, and their findings indicated that on overall, diabetes prevalence in the country was estimated to be about 20 per cent, with urban areas prevalence being 25.4 per cent and rural areas recording prevalence rate of 14.1 per cent (El-Sharkawy, n.d). iii) Lastly, the study will be essential in that it will produce recommendations and other observations about diabetes, which in turn will become necessary information in spreading health awareness about the disease. Current and satisfied statistics by the Imperial College London Diabetes Center indicate that among the UAE population, about 19.5 per cent are victims of diabetes (Shammaa, 2008). Further, figures released by the Research Center shows that prevalence rate

The Negligence In Term Of Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Negligence In Term Of Law - Essay Example The above definition has been taken from the case of Ryland. According to the Civil Act 2002 Section 42, the first part of negligence is the duty of care:â€Å"the standard of care required of the defendant is that of a reasonable person in the defendant’s position who was in possession of all the information that the defendant either had or ought reasonably to have had, at the time of the incident out of which the harm arose†   After ascertaining that there was a duty of care, the plaintiff has to prove that there was a breach of such duty, which resulted in an injury to the Plaintiff. In order to establish negligence as a Cause of Action under the law of torts, a plaintiff must prove that the defendant had a duty to the plaintiff, the defendant breached that duty by failing to conform to the required standard of conduct, the defendant's negligent conduct was the cause of the harm to the plaintiff, and the plaintiff was, in fact, harmed or damaged.The defense of Marv in would be the appropriate precaution of risk, and before concluding that argument let us define and precaution of risk as covered in the Act:â€Å"A person is not negligent in failing to take precautions against a risk of harm unless— (a) The risk was foreseeable (that is, it is a risk of which the person knew or ought to have known); and (b) the risk was not insignificant; and (c) in the circumstances, a reasonable person in the person’s position would have taken those precautions.†... The defence of Marvin would be appropriate precaution of risk, and before concluding that argument let us define and precaution of risk as covered in the Act: â€Å"A person is not negligent in failing to take precautions against a risk of harm unless— (a) the risk was foreseeable (that is, it is a risk of which the person knew or ought to have known); and (b) the risk was not insignificant; and (c) in the circumstances, a reasonable person in the person’s position would have taken those precautions.†4 Marvin has the defence of saying that he took enough precaution against the risk, but the pothole was in such a place that any other person in a similar situation would not have been able to avoid the accident. Along with this fact, the bike did not get damaged and Norton faced injury due to the fact that he had already been injured at the spot where he fell, which resulted in the aggravation of such injury. The right of Marvin is to sue the University of Canberra under the common law principle for not taking enough precaution in order to avoid the pothole where the bike crashed. He can transfer the liability onto the college by arguing on the basis of negligence on the part of college through not maintaining the University campus in the right order. The liability of Marvin is the fact that his actions caused injury to Norton, and on top of that he was drunk while he was riding. He did not take enough care and precaution when he knew while being drunk he should not have ridden the bike. Moving onto Norton, let us first deal with his liability. Norton was the one who introduced Marvin for drinking to drown his sorrows. From this point it can be inferred that he was totally aware of what was

Catcher in the Rye Essay Example for Free

Catcher in the Rye Essay Holden, the main character of the book Catcher in the Rye by J.D Salinger, had to face many conflicts during the story. These conflicts connect to him either by secondary character or by himself. Not only do this conflicts affect Holden, but if affects the people around him as well. Holden’s attitude became negative because of all the conflicts he faced. â€Å"The first thing you’ll probably ask is where I was born and how my lousy childhood was like†. During his childhood, he was alone with no close friends or family. This affected him because he felt excluded from the society. It also made him feel like he didn’t have any support so that made him go to the city by himself and get into trouble. He didn’t get any support from anyone so he wasn’t told what was wrong and what was right, that was why he smoked and drank. Also since he didn’t have a family who supported him so he never took the school seriously. He was kicked out of four schools because of his bad grades. (Evidence found in Pg. 1) â€Å"I slept in the garage the night he died, and I broke all the goddam windows with my fist, just for the hell of it†. Allies death affected him mentally. It made him very sad at the moment but after a time it made him aggressive and anti-social. (Evidence found in Chapter 5) He criticized everyone. He calls everyone a phony. Thinks other people are followers and are only tricking themselves. So he wants to rebel against the society because they’re making everyone a phony. This attitude made him see everyone in a bad way which made it very difficult for him to make friends. (Evidence found all over the book) He has a Self vs. Self battle throughout the whole book. He wants to be the same person but he doesn’t realize he’s changing. He likes the museum because it never changes. One part of him wants to be an adult (he drinks and smokes and always thinks of sex) while to other part of him rejects it rejects it as a phony. So as you can see, all these conflicts led to his bad, negative attitude. He became aggressive, rebel, and excluded. It also made him problematic and hard to understand. The conflicts implemented some psychological problems on Holden by making him increase his interest in alcohol and drugs.

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: An Analysis of Parallel Scenes Essay

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: An Analysis of Parallel Scenes The anonymous author of "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight" was supposedly the first to have originated the alternation of temptation and hunting scenes, which both contribute importantly to the effectiveness of the poem (Benson 57). The two narratives are obviously meant to be read as complementary. Therefore, the parallel juxtaposition of seemingly unrelated episodes is the basic characteristic of the narrative. The narrative, which appears parallel, contrasts temptation and beheading tales; which posed the major problem of unity for the early critics (Benson 26). H. L. Savage analyzes the relation between the hunting and temptation scenes and concludes that they are probably the best known explanation of narrative variation in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (Benson 25). Simultaneously, one scene takes place in a bedroom, while the other in a forest. One scene concerns courtship, while the other the vigorous excitement of the chase of wild prey. These two sets of scenes differ in content and emphasis, however ...

Jean Know †„Where the Gods Fly“ Essay

â€Å"Being the new one†, haven’t we all tried that before? Being the new kid in school, or being the new employee at work. Then, imagine being new in a completely different country, where you have to start from zero. Making new friends, creating a network, learning a new language and also a whole new culture, is all very challenging and overwhelming factors, when moving to a new place. This is actually the situation in Jean Know’s short story â€Å"Where the Gods Fly†, where a little family of three people emigrates from China to the USA, to create a new life by working and raising their daughter in school. In this short story, we hear about a mothers concern about, seeing her daughter being encapsulated in the Western culture. Whilst her husband, and father to their daughter Peal, is suffering from cancer. The parents of Pearl are working at a factory, and to avoid that Pearl would have to be home alone or stick around at the factory, they allow her to start dancing ballet. This gives their daughter a lot of unexpected success, and because they want Pearls to have a proper education and not live of dancing, they encourage her to quite dancing ballet. Parts of this paper will focus on the structure of the short story, and the contrast between the two â€Å"worlds† that are represented in the story. The story does not have an introduction, which means that is starts in medias res â€Å"I kneel here before the gods and the thought of what I am about to do stings my eyes like incense.† This is actually the end of the story, so the rest of the story will be leading us to how everything has come to this point. The story is not told chronologically, I would rather say that it was written with flashbacks or some kind of memory, because we first hear of the mother’s childhood and religious background, and then we hear of their life in America. As mentioned, we first hear about Pearls mother’s roots, and then we hear about how their life in America are progressing. The parents are working at the factory, and they do not have a lot time to spend with their daughter, we can see that in this sentence †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ her father and I spent our waking hours at the factory in Chinatown†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This means that Pearl stays home alone every day after school, and at some point her mother start to  feel guilty not to raise her child properly. This is resulting in a scholarship for Pearl, so she doesn’t have to stay home alone all day, but is this really what Pearls mom want her daughter to do? Actually not, the only reason she does this is to avoid, that her daughter will visit her American friends, because her mom doesn’t understand the Americans. This is a huge problem for her, because on the one side she wants to raise her daughter well and create a good life for her, but on the other side she is not willing to adapt the American culture, and this is what creates her problem. A huge contrast in this story is the contrast between the two cultures of China and America, where Pearl is trying to adapt the Western culture to make a new life and get accepted by her American friends, her mother tries to maintain her roots from growing up in China, and she is not willing to adapt the Western culture. In the story she talks about Pearls audition to the ballet school or scholarship, and here appears an obvious contrast of the two cultures, when Pearls mom says â€Å"We don’t belong here, I wanted to say, what do we simple Chinese know of these inhuman people with their impassive faces and elegant shoulders?†. Another contrast in the story is between the old and new world. The mother says, â€Å"When I was a girl in China, I was not permitted to go to classes. Much of the learning I possess, I picked up through lingering at the table, pretending to dust or sweep, as my brothers studied.† This is a way of telling her daughter that one day, she one only has herself to rely on, so it is very important to Pearl to get a proper education and not only focus on dancing. But it is also a way of getting her daughter to something, that she never got the opportunity to do herself. As the story progresses Pearl is actually becoming what her mother doesn’t want her to become, and as her mother is busy taking care of her ill husband, they are slowly drifting apart. In the end the mother says, â€Å"Buddhas, allow my daughter to understand some day why I take her greatest love away; I know this will be the blow that finally severs the already tenuous bounds between us.† Here she has come to the conclusion that it is the best thing for both Pearl and her to take her greatest love away, so that she can be just a normal girl. Because, the  mother states that Chinese people like them doesn’t have to be something special, they just have to fit in. And by this we are back to the beginning where the big decision has been made, but wants her daughter to resist the winds of fate and get to the place where the gods fly.